Baseball Musings
Baseball Musings
January 24, 2005
Behind the Pitcher

Update: I have improved data for the models, so I've updated the tables in a new post. They are in the extended entry. The order changes a little, but not enough to make a big difference.

Something easy for me to do with the software I'm developing is to look at the defense behind particular pitchers with the Probabilistic Model of Range. The following chart lists every pitcher with at least 300 balls in play against him for a particular team.

Defense Behind Pitchers, 2004, ranked by difference between expected outs and actual outs.
PitcherTeamInPlayActual OutsPredicted OutsDERPredicted DERDifference
Curt SchillingRed Sox642455 426.88 0.709 0.665 0.04380
Scott ElartonIndians347258 248.64 0.744 0.717 0.02697
Al LeiterMets509377 363.47 0.741 0.714 0.02659
Zach DayExpos373267 257.87 0.716 0.691 0.02447
Rob BellDevil Rays410295 285.19 0.720 0.696 0.02394
C.C. SabathiaIndians549390 377.24 0.710 0.687 0.02323
Zack Z GreinkeRoyals438317 307.30 0.724 0.702 0.02215
Brett TomkoGiants634446 432.18 0.703 0.682 0.02179
Greg MadduxCubs643456 442.04 0.709 0.687 0.02171
Glendon RuschCubs407282 273.34 0.693 0.672 0.02127
Jerome WilliamsGiants404290 282.65 0.718 0.700 0.01820
Randy JohnsonDiamondbacks602431 420.22 0.716 0.698 0.01791
A.J. BurnettMarlins326231 225.40 0.709 0.691 0.01717
Carl PavanoMarlins694491 479.15 0.707 0.690 0.01708
Kevin BrownYankees416295 287.94 0.709 0.692 0.01696
Jake WestbrookIndians694491 479.59 0.707 0.691 0.01644
Randy WolfPhillies434305 298.08 0.703 0.687 0.01594
Jason SchmidtGiants556406 397.23 0.730 0.714 0.01577
Mark BuehrleWhite Sox759521 510.05 0.686 0.672 0.01443
Ted LillyBlue Jays556406 398.14 0.730 0.716 0.01414
Jeff SuppanCardinals603426 418.13 0.706 0.693 0.01305
Kazuhisa IshiiDodgers527389 382.15 0.738 0.725 0.01301
Jae SeoMets389269 263.95 0.692 0.679 0.01299
Tom GlavineMets704501 491.89 0.712 0.699 0.01294
Kenny RogersRangers708472 462.89 0.667 0.654 0.01286
Jeremy BondermanTigers516367 360.63 0.711 0.699 0.01235
Jon GarlandWhite Sox696499 490.75 0.717 0.705 0.01185
Roger ClemensAstros560400 394.19 0.714 0.704 0.01038
Mark MulderAthletics691478 471.02 0.692 0.682 0.01010
Victor ZambranoDevil Rays354254 250.58 0.718 0.708 0.00967
Jose LimaDodgers540389 383.87 0.720 0.711 0.00950
Ryan VogelsongPirates419290 286.09 0.692 0.683 0.00933
Mike WoodRoyals328229 225.98 0.698 0.689 0.00921
Odalis PerezDodgers586429 423.97 0.732 0.723 0.00859
Chris CarpenterCardinals524370 365.58 0.706 0.698 0.00844
David T BushBlue Jays306219 216.51 0.716 0.708 0.00814
Claudio VargasExpos344247 244.36 0.718 0.710 0.00767
Livan HernandezExpos747531 525.55 0.711 0.704 0.00730
Brian LawrencePadres660452 447.32 0.685 0.678 0.00710
Jimmy GobbleRoyals518376 372.53 0.726 0.719 0.00669
Matt ClementCubs473332 329.05 0.702 0.696 0.00625
John HalamaDevil Rays400278 275.51 0.695 0.689 0.00623
Miguel BatistaBlue Jays642446 442.02 0.695 0.689 0.00620
Wes ObermuellerBrewers410284 281.50 0.693 0.687 0.00609
Barry ZitoAthletics645450 446.30 0.698 0.692 0.00574
Roy OswaltAstros687466 462.08 0.678 0.673 0.00571
Carlos ZambranoCubs584415 411.91 0.711 0.705 0.00528
Mike MussinaYankees501339 336.45 0.677 0.672 0.00508
Brett MyersPhillies563391 388.33 0.694 0.690 0.00474
Eric MiltonPhillies581425 422.69 0.731 0.728 0.00398
Sun-Woo KimExpos431295 293.52 0.684 0.681 0.00344
Jeff WeaverDodgers681478 475.74 0.702 0.699 0.00332
Jason JenningsRockies657440 437.99 0.670 0.667 0.00306
Steve TrachselMets651461 459.19 0.708 0.705 0.00278
Pedro MartinezRed Sox574403 401.44 0.702 0.699 0.00272
Russ OrtizBraves615435 433.49 0.707 0.705 0.00245
Ryan DreseRangers714490 488.49 0.686 0.684 0.00212
Doug DavisBrewers614424 422.86 0.691 0.689 0.00185
David WellsPadres658466 465.05 0.708 0.707 0.00144
Steve W SparksDiamondbacks419287 286.78 0.685 0.684 0.00053
Brian AndersonRoyals588393 392.74 0.668 0.668 0.00044
Javier VazquezYankees595425 424.76 0.714 0.714 0.00041
Johan SantanaTwins529392 391.84 0.741 0.741 0.00031
Ryan FranklinMariners662465 464.90 0.702 0.702 0.00015
Josh BeckettMarlins426297 297.17 0.697 0.698 -0.00040
Ron VilloneMariners349249 249.22 0.713 0.714 -0.00064
Freddy GarciaMariners321229 229.24 0.713 0.714 -0.00076
Bartolo ColonAngels626438 438.68 0.700 0.701 -0.00109
Brad RadkeTwins703489 489.82 0.696 0.697 -0.00116
Adam EatonPadres605418 418.71 0.691 0.692 -0.00118
Mark HendricksonDevil Rays641438 439.18 0.683 0.685 -0.00183
Mike HamptonBraves592397 398.14 0.671 0.673 -0.00193
Daniel A CabreraOrioles480344 344.98 0.717 0.719 -0.00205
John ThomsonBraves623423 424.51 0.679 0.681 -0.00242
Matt MorrisCardinals622439 440.57 0.706 0.708 -0.00253
Gary KnottsTigers436307 308.18 0.704 0.707 -0.00272
Kelvim EscobarAngels583407 408.66 0.698 0.701 -0.00285
Scott SchoeneweisWhite Sox362246 247.24 0.680 0.683 -0.00343
Jaret WrightBraves538372 374.02 0.691 0.695 -0.00376
Kirk RueterGiants695479 482.29 0.689 0.694 -0.00474
Bronson ArroyoRed Sox538372 374.60 0.691 0.696 -0.00483
Jason MarquisCardinals630432 435.37 0.686 0.691 -0.00535
Jake PeavyPadres444304 306.84 0.685 0.691 -0.00640
Dustin HermansonGiants398277 279.68 0.696 0.703 -0.00673
Kerry WoodCubs373256 258.70 0.686 0.694 -0.00723
Rodrigo LopezOrioles515367 370.73 0.713 0.720 -0.00724
Shawn EstesRockies641440 444.66 0.686 0.694 -0.00726
Josh FoggPirates597414 418.38 0.693 0.701 -0.00733
Ramon OrtizAngels401275 277.99 0.686 0.693 -0.00746
Joel PineiroMariners417289 292.21 0.693 0.701 -0.00770
Jeff FasseroRockies388257 260.08 0.662 0.670 -0.00793
Tim HudsonAthletics625428 433.09 0.685 0.693 -0.00815
Cliff LeeIndians519355 360.26 0.684 0.694 -0.01014
Ben SheetsBrewers612427 433.46 0.698 0.708 -0.01055
Paul WilsonReds584414 420.20 0.709 0.720 -0.01062
Wilson AlvarezDodgers349249 253.02 0.713 0.725 -0.01151
Kevin MillwoodPhillies430286 291.48 0.665 0.678 -0.01274
Kip WellsPirates418278 283.43 0.665 0.678 -0.01299
Tim WakefieldRed Sox607430 438.09 0.708 0.722 -0.01333
Joe KennedyRockies496342 348.77 0.690 0.703 -0.01365
Jarrod WashburnAngels490338 344.70 0.690 0.703 -0.01367
Jason JohnsonTigers647435 444.05 0.672 0.686 -0.01399
Brad PennyMarlins388270 275.45 0.696 0.710 -0.01404
Vicente PadillaPhillies359250 255.15 0.696 0.711 -0.01434
Esteban LoaizaWhite Sox452313 319.52 0.692 0.707 -0.01444
Jamie MoyerMariners644463 472.34 0.719 0.733 -0.01450
Josh TowersBlue Jays416277 283.47 0.666 0.681 -0.01554
Paul ByrdBraves364252 257.85 0.692 0.708 -0.01606
Cory LidleReds490334 341.92 0.682 0.698 -0.01617
Rich HardenAthletics536372 380.66 0.694 0.710 -0.01617
Gil MecheMariners393269 275.72 0.684 0.702 -0.01709
Aaron HarangReds500342 350.77 0.684 0.702 -0.01754
Aaron CookRockies340233 239.32 0.685 0.704 -0.01858
Casey FossumDiamondbacks431286 294.21 0.664 0.683 -0.01904
Woody WilliamsCardinals599419 430.49 0.699 0.719 -0.01919
Kris BensonPirates424288 296.26 0.679 0.699 -0.01949
Nate RobertsonTigers596399 410.66 0.669 0.689 -0.01957
Carlos SilvaTwins730492 507.23 0.674 0.695 -0.02087
Ismael ValdezPadres418291 300.00 0.696 0.718 -0.02154
Oliver PerezPirates452325 334.81 0.719 0.741 -0.02171
Mark RedmanAthletics627428 441.82 0.683 0.705 -0.02205
Kyle LohseTwins660438 453.31 0.664 0.687 -0.02320
Pete MunroAstros335223 230.84 0.666 0.689 -0.02342
Mike MarothTigers729495 512.31 0.679 0.703 -0.02375
Roy HalladayBlue Jays413280 290.16 0.678 0.703 -0.02460
Joaquin BenoitRangers302205 212.71 0.679 0.704 -0.02552
Tim ReddingAstros346227 236.00 0.656 0.682 -0.02600
Terry MulhollandTwins434283 294.44 0.652 0.678 -0.02636
Mark PriorCubs306205 213.20 0.670 0.697 -0.02679
Dontrelle WillisMarlins619421 437.97 0.680 0.708 -0.02741
Jose AcevedoReds507342 356.32 0.675 0.703 -0.02825
Brandon WebbDiamondbacks622420 437.90 0.675 0.704 -0.02878
Sidney PonsonOrioles739487 509.03 0.659 0.689 -0.02981
Dewon BrazeltonDevil Rays394280 291.80 0.711 0.741 -0.02994
Victor SantosBrewers487327 341.94 0.671 0.702 -0.03068
Dennys ReyesRoyals327214 224.24 0.654 0.686 -0.03131
R.A. DickeyRangers368239 252.42 0.649 0.686 -0.03648
Todd Van PoppelReds371253 266.85 0.682 0.719 -0.03734
Erik BedardOrioles421278 293.99 0.660 0.698 -0.03799
John LackeyAngels621423 447.24 0.681 0.720 -0.03903
Derek LoweRed Sox640410 435.55 0.641 0.681 -0.03992
Aaron SeleAngels470317 336.88 0.674 0.717 -0.04229
Jon LieberYankees603396 422.01 0.657 0.700 -0.04314
Darrell MayRoyals615407 434.05 0.662 0.706 -0.04399
Paul QuantrillYankees358236 253.04 0.659 0.707 -0.04759
Jason DavisIndians400257 276.04 0.642 0.690 -0.04760

The thing that struck me when I looked at this table was Curt Schilling at the top and Derek Lowe very close to the bottom. On the same team, with pretty much the same defense, Schilling received 28 more outs that expected (that's a whole nine innings worth of outs) and Lowe missed almost as many, -25. So what's going on? Here's a closer look at the pitchers on the Red Sox.

2004 Red Sox Pitchers, minimum 100 balls in play against.
PitcherTeamInPlayActual OutsPredicted OutsDERPredicted DERDifference
Curt SchillingRed Sox642455 426.88 0.709 0.665 0.04380
Alan EmbreeRed Sox161114 107.24 0.708 0.666 0.04198
Mike TimlinRed Sox232160 151.18 0.690 0.652 0.03800
Keith FoulkeRed Sox225166 160.98 0.738 0.715 0.02230
Pedro MartinezRed Sox574403 401.44 0.702 0.699 0.00272
Bronson ArroyoRed Sox538372 374.60 0.691 0.696 -0.00483
Tim WakefieldRed Sox607430 438.09 0.708 0.722 -0.01333
Derek LoweRed Sox640410 435.55 0.641 0.681 -0.03992

If there's a pattern here, I'm not sure what it is, except that Wakefield and Lowe had the lowest K per 9 in this group. What we really could be seeing is how pitchers effect the balls in play. It could simply be that the balls put into play against Schilling are easier to field than the balls put into play against Lowe! Voros McCracken's theory is that a pitcher has little to do with a ball in play being turned into an out. Tom Tippet found that that's not really the case, although the effect by the pitcher is small. (Links to both found here.) Maybe we've found a way to quantify that contribution.

Of course, it could be all luck. Lowe had a very positive number last year. Schilling was on the plus side, but only by about 6 outs in 2003. Looks like a whole new line of study is opening.


Posted by David Pinto at 06:23 PM | Defense | TrackBack (2)
Comments

Take those same Redsox pitchers and list Strike to Ball ratio. I bet you will find almost the same order. Fielders are on their toes when pitchers are throwing strikes.

Order of total walks (most to least):
Lowe
Wakefield
Martinez
Arroyo
Schilling

ESPN does not have strike to ball ratio but that stat would allow you te evaluate the relief pitchers in this group.

Posted by: Levi at January 24, 2005 09:03 PM

I don't think its that tough to figure out - Lowe and Wakefield had the highest groundball ratios, Shilling, Foulke Pedro and Embree the lowest. With the exception of the time they had Orlando Cabrera, they were a very below average fielding infield (Mark Bellhorn? Nomar? Millar?)

Posted by: Marc Shiman at January 24, 2005 10:02 PM

I don't think it's as simple as GB:FB rate. As a Rays fan, Bell finished with the 5th best defense, and he had a strong GB rate. Yet Brazelton finished near the bottom, and he had a flyball rate with an outfield with nice range.

Plus the theory of defenders on their toes playing better - Vic Zambrano had 4 more actual outs than predicted. And I promise, after watching him pitch plenty, his games are torture on defenders because of all the walks and hbp's.

Posted by: Jay at January 24, 2005 11:24 PM

Well, we think that the outfield had good range. Crawford was awesome in left but Cruz was rated badly by BP and UZR (-7). Baldelli is rated a little above average by BP but his 2004 UZR was -15 (an improvement over 2003's -24) so it's possible that he wasn't what we thought, though I certainly wouldn't blindly trust UZR any more than I would BP's Fielding Runs.

I think GB/FB does have a lot to do with Wakefield and Lowe's problems. Mueller and Millar were fine but out of their regular middle infielders (Pokey, Cabrera, Nomar, and Bellhorn), Pokey was the only one worth anything defensively.

Posted by: Jim Wisinski at January 25, 2005 01:31 AM

At a glance it looks like a lot of the pitchers I think can pick a little are high on the list, while the ones who can't are near the bottom-- are the pitchers' own fielding performances being left out somehow? Or perhaps the impact poor fielding pitchers have on their infielders positioning is showing up?

Posted by: john swinney at January 25, 2005 03:43 AM

Well, he isn't on the list, but when you picture (for example) a ball in pay against Mariano Rivera what do you imagine? I imagine these jammed poppers to deep second and short. Why? Because they seem to happen every other play. I'd bet that Schilling is more likely to get players to hit the ball off balance, jam them, out in front, etc.. Rivera works much in the same way so I'd expect a good number for him.

It can't be just strikes as suggested by Levi or Lieber wouldn't be echelons below the other Yankees. Lieber threw strikes. Obviously this varies by infield v. outfield defense, groundball v. flyball pitcher, strikeout v. in play pitcher, etc..

Posted by: seamus at January 25, 2005 10:53 AM

Here is a link to an ESPN article on walk per innings. while Leiter and Schilling are on both lists I didn't see anyone else proving my earlier point wrong.

http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=schwarz_alan&id=1974099

Posted by: Levi at January 25, 2005 10:15 PM

Well, for a counting process (like actual outs), the standard deviation is the square root of the number, when the number is bigger than about 30. So, with about 400 outs, the standard deviation is about 20. That makes Schilling about 1.5 SD lucky, and Lowe about 1.25 SD unlucky. I'd say it's hard to attribute those differences to some underlying cause, based on a 1 SD result.

Posted by: gauss at January 25, 2005 10:18 PM

Well, 2.75 SD is actually a pretty big gap. It can be the difference between a league average pitcher and a Cy Young (in terms of runs saved).

Posted by: PitchingWins at January 25, 2005 10:42 PM

The field is a really big place, areawise. I'm not a big believer in DIPS, but you have to acknowledge that there is going to be some randomness to where balls fall and whether a fielder "just happens" to be in range. This randomness, in my mind, can tilt the numbers over a year or even more, due to sample sizes.

On the other hand, simple physics tells us a ball that is hit hard will be more likely to land safely than a ball hit softly - in more cases than not. this is where I reject DIPS - I don't buy that all pitchers get hit equally hard when the ball is in play, and this is the presumption I think you have to make to fully endorse DIPS.

So I do think trends will manifest over time to some extent, but I also think this is more like dissecting a football play (was the runner good? Or was the blocking good? etc) where there are so many intertwining factors - any given hit can be due to defensive incompetence, luck or hitting the ball hard.

This is one area where numbers alone will fall short without more. To make a full and accurate judgment you would need somebody with some expertise to rate every hit ball individually. For pitching assessments, a "hard hit ball ratio" regardless of actual result. For defense, every ball rated for catchability, and a caught/should be caught ratio, along with a caught/"catchable but difficult" ratio. Sounds easy.

Posted by: Gary at January 31, 2005 10:23 AM
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